See: The Early Days of John Gurdon, 2012 Nobel Prize Awardee
In almost all ways except ease of deployment and ease of moving points of presence, wireless backhaul connections are inferior: they are slower, occupy spectrum that could be used by user devices (especially true as 5.8 GHz devices proliferate), require many more truck rolls (typically three times as many) as wired backhaul, are limited in capacity, and tend to have significantly worse latency and security than wired networks. They are often viewed as an initial or temporary measure.
See: The Early Days of John Gurdon, 2012 Nobel Prize Awardee
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A tactical victory may refer to a victory that results in the completion of a tactical objective as part of an operation or a victory where the losses of the defeated outweigh those of the victor. Military tactics, the science and art of organizing a military force, are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle, concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are usually used by units over hours or days, and are focused on the specific, close proximity tasks and objectives of: squads, in military terminology, is small military units led by a non-commissioned officer (NCO) that is subordinate to an infantry platoon; companies, military units, typically consisting of 80-25 soldiers and usually commanded by a Captain, Major or Commandant; battalions, military units of around 300-1,200 soldiers usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by either a lieutenant colonel or a colonel; regiments, title used by some military units; brigades, major tactical military formation that is typically composed of three to six battalions, plus supporting elements depending on the era and nationality of a given army and could be perceived as an enlarged reinforced regiment; and divisions, large military units or formations usually consisting of between 10,000 and 30,000 soldiers, and their naval and air equivalents. One of the oldest military publications is “The Art of War,” an influential ancient Chinese military treatise about military strategy attributed to Sun Tzu (also referred to as “Sun Wu” and “Sunzi”), a high-ranking Chinese military general, strategist and tactician, and Chinese philosopher and it was believed to have been compiled during the late Spring and Autumn period or early Warring States period. Written in the 6th century BCE, the 13-chapter book is intended as military instruction and not as military theory, or the analysis of normative behavior and trends in military affairs and military history, beyond simply describing events in war and military theories, especially since the influence of Clausewitz in the nineteenth century attempt to encapsulate the complex cultural, political and economic relationships between societies and the conflicts they create, but has had a huge influence on Asian military doctrine, and from the late 19th century, on European and United States military planning; a “military operation plan” (also called a “war plan” before World War II) is a formal plan for military armed forces, their military organizations and units to conduct operations, as drawn up by commanders within the combat operations process in achieving objectives before or during a conflict. It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and political areas. The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on military campaigning, which in the military sciences, applies to large scale, long duration, significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of interrelated military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war. Among the best-known Roman works are the commentaries of Julius Caesar, a Roman general and statesman/proconsul and a distinguished writer of Latin prose, on the Gallic Wars, a series of military campaigns waged by him against several Gallic tribes, Galli being the Latin equivalent of Celt; and the Great Roman Civil War (49-45 BC), also known as “Caesar’s Civil War,” one of the last politico-military conflicts in the Roman Republic before the establishment of the Roman Empire--written about 50 BC. Two major works on tactics come from the late Roman period: “Taktike Theoria” by Aelianus Tacticus, also known as “Aelian,” a Greek military writer who lived in Rome; and “De Re Militari” (“On military matters”) by Vegetius, a writer of the Later Roman Empire. “Taktike Theoriae” examined Greek military tactics, and was most influential in the Byzantine Empire (“Byzantium”), or the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred in the capital of Constantinople, and during the Golden Age of Islam, an Abbasid historical period lasting until the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258. “De Re Militari” formed the basis of European military tactics until the late 17th century. Perhaps its most enduring maxim is “Igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum” (let he who desires peace prepare for war). Due to the changing nature of combat with the introduction of artillery, originally applied to any group of infantry armed with projectile weapons, has over time become limited in meaning and refer only to those engines of war that operate by projection of munitions far beyond the effective range of personal weapons, in the European Middle Ages, the period of European history encompassing the 5th to the 15th centuries, normally marked from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (the end of Classical Antiquity) until the beginning of the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery, the periods which ushered in the Modern Era, and infantry firearms in the Renaissance, a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to their side of the Europe, attempts were made to define and identify those strategies, grand tactics--in the field of military theory, the “operational level of war” represents the level of command which coordinates the minute details of tactics with the overarching goals of strategy, and tactics that would produce a victory more often than that achieved by the Romans in praying to the gods before the battle. Later, this became known as Military Science, the theory, method, and practice of producing military capability in a manner consistent with national defense policy, and later still would adopt the scientific method approach, a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge, to the conduct of military operations under the influence of the Industrial Revolution thinking, or thinking from the period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology has a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. In his seminal book “On War” (“Vom Kriege”), a book on war and military strategy written mostly after the Napoleonic wars, between 1816 and 1830, and published posthumously by his wide in 1832, Prussian general-major from the German kingdom and historic state originating out of Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and leading expert, or someone widely recognized as reliable source of technique or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by their peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished domain, on modern military strategy, or set of ideas implemented by military organization to pursue desired strategic goals, Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1931), stressed the “moral” (in modern times, psychological) and political aspects of war, and defined military strategy as “the employment of battles to gain the end of war.” According to Clausewitz: “strategy forms the plans of the War, and to this end it links together the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision, that is to say, it makes the plans for the separate campaigns and regulates the combats to be fought in each.” Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above strategic military goals, used in strategic planning to define desired end-state of a war or a campaign, ensuring civilian control of the military, a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers. Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of “arts,” a field of theoretical research and training methodology in military science used in the conduct of military operations on land, in the maritime or air environments, or “sciences” that governed the conduct of warfare the others being: military tactics, the execution of plans and maneuvering of forces in battle, and maintenance of an army, or “military logistics,” the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces. The meaning of military tactics has changed over time from the deployment and maneuvering of entire land armies in the field of ancient battles, and galley fleets, to modern use of small unit ambushes (a long-established military tactic, in which the aggressors (the ambushing force) take advantage of concealment and the element of surprise to attack an unsuspecting enemy from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush it behind hilltops), encirclements (a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces), bomb and bombardment attacks, frontal assaults (a direct, hostile movement if forces toward the front of an enemy force; as compared to the flanks or rear of the enemy), air assaults (the movement of ground-based military forces by vertical takeoff and landing [VTOL] aircraft--such as the helicopter--to seize and hold key terrain which has not been fully secured, and to directly engage enemy forces), hit-and-run tactics (a tactical doctrine where the purpose of the combat involved is not to seize control of territory, but to inflict damage on a target and immediately exit the area to avoid the enemy's defense and/or retaliation), used mainly by guerilla forces/warfare, a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilian (or “irregulars”) using military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and less-mobile tracial; army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately, and, in some cases, suicide attacks, or attacks upon a target, in which an attacker intends to kill others and/or cause great damage, knowing that he or she will either certainly or most likely die in the process, on land and at sea. Evolution of aerial warfare introduced its own air combat tactics/maneuvering (ACM), the art of maneuvering a combat aircraft in order to attain a position from which an attack can be made on another aircraft. Often, military deception, or attempts to mislead enemy forces during warfare, in the form of military camouflage, or any method used to render military forces less detectable to enemy forces, or misdirection using decoys, usually people, devices or events meant as distractions, to conceal what an individual or a group might be looking for, is used to confuse the enemy as a tactic. A major development in infantry tactics, the combination of military concepts and methods used by infantry to achieve tactical objectives during combat, came with the increased use of trench warfare, a form of occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery, in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was mainly employed in World War I (“WWI”), a global war centered on Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918, in the Gallipoli campaign, also known as the “Dardanelles Campaign” or the “Battle of Gallipoli” or the”Battle of Çanakkale,” which took place on the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire (now Gelibolu in modern day Turkey between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916); and the Western Front, opened by the German Army following the outbreak of World War I in 1914 by invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France. Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, only broke by a large loss of life, because in order to attack an enemy entrenchment soldiers had to run through an exposed “no man’s land,” or land that is unoccupied or is under dispute between parties that leave it unoccupied due to fear or uncertainty, under heavy fire from an entrenched enemy. See: SpaceX CRS-1 by John Diaz A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices, broadly, a term describing any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers, were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon, an American mathematician, electronic engineer, and cartographer known as “The father of Information Theory,” in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as “the first digital electronic computer” is difficult. Notable achievements include:
See: Definitions of Backhauling A smartphone is a mobile phone (also known as a “cellular phone,” “ cell phone” and a “hand phone”), a device that can make and receive telephone call over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area; built on a mobile operating system, also referred to as “mobile OS,” the operating system that operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other digital mobile devices. It has more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone, a mobile phone which at the time of manufacture is not considered to be a smartphone due to its lacking in several features, but nevertheless has additional functions over and above standard mobile devices. The first smartphones combined the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a “palmtop computer,” a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. Later models added the functionality of portable media players (“PMP”) or digital audio players (“DAP”), a consumer electronics device that is capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio, images, video, documents, etc.; low-end compact (point-and-shoot) digital cameras (“digicam), a still camera that takes the video or still photographs by recording images on an electronic image sensor, designed primarily for simple operation; pocket video cameras, a tapeless camcorder that is small enough to be carried in one’s pocket; and GPS phones’ navigation units (due in part to regulations encouraging mobile phone tracking, including E911, with varying degrees and user capability, to form one multi-use device. Many modern smartphones also include high-resolution touch screens, an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area, and web browsers, a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web--displaying standard web pages, as well as mobile-optimized sites. High-speed data access is provided by Wi-Fi and Mobile Broadband, a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections; and Mobile Broadband, the marketing term for wireless Internet access through a portable modem, mobile phone, USB wireless modem, or other mobile devices. The mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smartphones include: Android, a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, by Google, Inc., an American multinational corporation which provides Internet-related [rodicuts and services, including internet search, cloud computing, software and advertising techniques; iOS (previously “iPhone OS”), a mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc., formerly “Apple Computer, Inc., an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers; Symbian, a mobile operating system and computing platform designed for smartphones and currently maintained by Accenture, by Nokia Oyj, a Finnish multinational communications and information technology corporation headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo, Finland; Blackberry OS, a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Research In Motion Limited (“RIM”), a Canadian telecommunication and wireless equipment company best known as the developer of the Blackberry line of smartphone and tablet handheld devices, Bada, an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, by the Samsung Group, a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul; Windows Phone, a daily of mobile operating systems developed by the Microsoft Corporation--an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington that develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing--and its successor to its Windows Mobile platform, although incompatible with it; HP webOS, formerly “Palm webOS” or simply webOS, a mobile operating system based on a Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard Company, an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States; and embedded Linux distributions, or the use of Linux in embedded computer systems such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), media players, set-top boxes, and other consumer electronics devices, networking equipment, machine control, industrial automation, navigation equipment and medical instruments, such as Maemo, a software platform developed by Nokia and improved upon by the Maemo community for smartphones and Internet tablets, and MeeGo, a Linux-based free mobile operating system project. Such operating system can be installed in many different phone models, and typically each device can receive multiple OS software updates over its lifetime. See: What is a military reserve? The Australian, a broadsheet newspaper published in Australia from Monday to Saturday each week since July 14, 1964, published a Satellite Technology Special Report. It examines the vital role satellite, or the object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour, plays as the Commonwealth of Australia, a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands, maps out it first national space policy, covering the latest satellite technology and satellite enabled gadgets, expert opinions, history of satellite, costs, careers, policy and what might be in store for the future satellite communications, or artificial satellites sent to space for the purpose of telecommunications, in Australia. Journalist James Dunn, reports on the satellite communication services NewSat, which is to date, the largest independent satellite communications provider in Australia, provides to its customers worldwide, including the US Department of Defense (USDOD), or the Pentagon, the Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States armed forces and its plans to launch Australia’s first independently owned commercial satellite. Dunn also speaks to Founder and CEO Adrian Ballintine about NewSat’s eight orbital slots, the Jabiru 1 Satellite and the Company’s recent milestones. Orbital slots are the lifeblood of satellite operators and to have multiple slots is the goal of long term entrants,” explains Ballintine. Described as the ‘new player planning its game changer,’ NewSat is seen as being at the forefront of the Australian satellite industry. See: Shapiro talks about NewSat's Year End results The China Satellite Conference 2012, the leading forum for satellite applications in China, is going to be held at the Hotel Nikko New Century, Beijing, September 19-21.
The attendees of the conference are given the opportunity to have interactions with different scientists, international satellite organizations, equipment suppliers, service operators, service providers, customary and policy makers from Chinese regulatory bodies. Peter Sim, a representative from Australia’s largest satellite communications provider to date, NewSat, is reportedly attending this years China Satellite Conference. He is going to be available for discussions on NewSat’s current and future satellite capabilities. The company is set to launch Jabiru-1, Australia’s first commercial Ka band satellite. It will provide high-powered Ka band coverage over Asia, the Middle East and Africa (MENA Region). Jabiru-1 will also provide “new” capacity to these regions, through a range of multi-spot, regional and steerable beams. See: The Miner Discusses the Jabiru Fleet There is one issue that refuses to go away for the satellite industry. It is the C band interference.
ABS’s Chief Operating Officer Scott Sprague said “C band Wi-max issues and interference are always a worry.” He said that the satellite is used for lifeline-like services and then there is also the economic impact. SES World Skies’s Senior Vice-President Deepak Mathur at SES agreed: “C band is an enormous issue and will be an ongoing issue. We have to remember 98% of video content in Asia is delivered by C band.” The C band is the name given to certain portions of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes wavelengths of microwaves that are used for long distance radio telecommunications. The IEEE C band (4 GHz to 8 GHz) and its slight variations contains frequency ranges that are used for many satellite communications transmissions, some WiFi devices, some cordless telephones, and some weather radar systems. The microwave frequencies of this band perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with others, especially Ku band (11.2 GHz tyo 14.5 GHz) microwave frequencies which are used by another large set of communication satellites. The adverse weather conditions, collectively referred to a rain fade, all have to do with moisture in the air, including rain and snow. See: 'Voyager 1': Pre-Voyager Mission Interstellar Mission Profile The “Voyager 1” spacecraft is a 722 kilogram (kg; also known as kilo, the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the “International Prototype Kilogram” (“IPK”), which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water)--1,592 lbs (pounds/pound-mass, a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement)--space probe, a scientific space exploration mission in which a spacecraft leaves Earth and explore space.
In telecommunication, the radio communication system is the transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic waves with frequencies significantly below visible light, in the radio frequency, from about 4 kHz to 300 GHz through a collection of individual communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole. The radio communication system of “Voyager 1” was then designed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the solar system, which consists of the Sun and the astronomical objects gravitationally bound in orbit around it, all of which formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud approximately 4.6 billion years ago. This is because the space probe, a scientific space exploration mission in which a spacecraft leaves Earth and explores space, will have an extremely long space flight, a ballistic flight into or through outer space. The communication system includes a 3.7 meter diameter (in geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center if the circle and whose endpoints are on the circle) parabolic dish high-gain antenna (HGA), an antenna with a focused, narrow radio wave beam width. It is to send and receive radio waves, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light, via the three Deep Space Network (DSN) station the Earth; DSN is a worldwide network of large antennas and communication facilities that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions. In electronic and telecommunications, “modulation” is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the “carrier signal,” with a “modulating signal” which typically contains information to be transmitted. These modulated waves are placed in the S-band, part of the microwave band which is about 13 cm in wavelength (of a sinusoidal wave), which in physics, is the spatial period of the wave (the distance over which the wave repeats) and X-band, a segment of the microwave radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum which is about 3.6 cm in wavelength. It provided a bit rate (sometimes written as “bitrate,” “data rate” or as a variable “R”), or in telecommunications and computing, the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time, a high as 115.2 kilobits per second when “Voyager 1” was at the distance of Jupiter, the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System, from the Earth, and many fewer kilobits per second at larger distances. When “Voyager 1” is unable to communicate directly with Earth, its digital tape recorder (DTR) can record up to 62,500 kilobytes (kB; a multiple of the unit for digital information) of data for transmission at another time. The length of time needed to send messages to “Voyager 1” or to receive messages on the Earth depends on teg straight-line distance between the two according to the simple equation t = D/c where D is the distance and c is the speed of light in vacuum, a universal physical constant (about 300,000 km/s) importantly in many areas of physics. As noted below at the February 8, 2012 entry under Events, as NASA reported that “Voyager 1” is about 120.06973 astronomical units (1.7962176x1010 km) from the Earth and about 119.70479 astronomical units (1.7907582x1010 km) from the Sun, the communications signal transit time is over 16 hours. See: The CASBAA Council of Governors Cable & Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia (CASBAA) is the association for digital multichannel television, content, platforms, advertising and video delivery across Asia. Its mission is to promote the growth of multichannel TV and video content across Asia through industry information, networking exchanges and events while promoting global best practices.
See: SDI DEW Programs: Laser and Mirror Experiments In 1979, Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989, visited the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) command base, a joint organization of Canada and the United States that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and defense for the two countries. It is under Cheyenne Mountain, a mountain located just outside the southwest side of Colorado Springs,Colorado, US, and is home to the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station and its Cheyenne Mountain Directorate, formerly known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC). However, he was struck by their comments that while they could track the attack down to the individual targets, there was nothing one could do to stop it. Reagan felt that in the event of an attack this would place the president in a terrible position between immediate counterattack or attempting to absorb the attack and maintain an upper hand in the post-attack era.
In the fall of 1979, at Reagan’s request, Lieutenant General Daniel O. Graham, a US Army officer, conceived a concept he called the High Frontier, an idea of strategic defense using ground- and space-based weapons theoretically possible because of emerging technologies. It was designed to replace the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of high-yield weapons of mass destruction by two opposing sides would effectively result in the complete, utter and irrevocable annihilation of both the attacker and the defender, becoming thus a war that has no victory nor any armistice but only effective reciprocal destruction. It is a doctrine that Reagan and his aides described as a suicide pact, or an agreed plan between two or more individuals to commit suicide. The initial focus of the strategic defense initiative was a nuclear explosion powered X-ray laser (Xaser), a device that uses stimulated emission to generate or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually on the order of several of tens of nanometers (NM) wavelength. It was designed at Lawrence Livermore National Library, a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) founded by the University of California in 1952, by a scientist named Peter L. Hagelstein, a principal investigator in the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) and an Associate Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and worked with a team call “O-Group,” doing much of the work in the late 1970s and early 1980s. O-Group was headed by physicist Lowell Wood, an American astrophysicist who has been involved with the Strategic Defense Initiative and geoengineering studies. He was a protege and friend of Edward Teller, a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as ”the father of the hydrogen bomb,” even though he claimed he did not care for the title. Ronald Reagan was told of Hagelstein's breakthrough by Teller in 1983, which prompted Reagan’s March 23, 1983, “Staw Wars” speech. He announced, “I call upon the scientific community who gave us nuclear weapons to turn their great talents to the cause of mankind and world peace: to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete.” This speech, along with his Evil Empire speech on March 8, 1983, in Florida, ushered in the final major escalation in rhetoric of the Cold War, a continuing state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the United States and its NATO allies, and the communist world, led by the Soviet union and its satellite states and allies, prior to a thawing of relations in the mid-to-late-1980s. The phrase evil empire was applied to the Soviet Union especially by Reagan, who took an aggressive, hard-line stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet union’s strategic and global military capabilities, in calling for a rollback strategy that would, in his words, write the final pages of the history of the Soviet Union. The concept for the space-based portion was to use lasers to shoot down incoming Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), ballistic missiles with a long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads. Hans Bethe, German-American nuclear physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, went to Livermore in February 1983 for a two-day briefing on the X-ray laser, and “Although impressed with its scientific novelty, Bethe went away highly skeptical it would contribute anything to the nation’s defense.” See: 2012 APPEA Forums |
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